Alloytube specifications |
16MO Alloy tube |
STPA12 STBA12、13 |
G3458 G3462 |
A335-P1、A369-FP1 A250-T1、A209-T1 |
15Mo3 |
1.5414 |
DIN17175 |
12CRMO Alloy tube |
STBA20 |
G3462 |
A335-P2、A369-FP2 A213-T2 |
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15CRMO Alloy tube |
STPA22 STBA22 |
G3458 G3462 |
A335-P12、A369-FP12 A213-T12 |
13CrMo44 |
1.7335 |
DIN17175 |
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12CR1MOV Alloy tube |
STPA23 STBA23 |
G3458 G3462 |
A335-P11、A369-FP12 A199-T11、A213-T11 |
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CR2MO 10MOWVNB Alloy tube |
STPA24 STBA24 |
G3458 G3462 |
A335-P22、A369-FP22 A199-T22、A213-T22 |
10CrMo910 |
1.7380 |
SEW610 |
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CR5MO Alloy tube |
STPA25 STBA25 STPA26 STBA26 |
G3458 G3462 G3458 G3462 |
A335-P5、A389-FP5 A213-T5 A335-P9、A369-FP9 A199-T9、A213-T9 |
12CrMo195 |
1.7362 |
DIN17175 |
Item |
Company Name |
Basic situation introduction |
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USI GROUP
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United Steel Industry Co.,Ltd as member of United Steel Industry Group, is one of the best manufacturers & exporters of steel pipe and pipe fittings in China.
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2 |
TPCO
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Tianjin Pipe Group Co., Ltd., one of the top ten brands of metal pipes, the most competitive seamless steel pipe manufacturer in China, and one of the most advanced and large-scale professional petroleum pipe manufacturers in China. Tianjin Pipe Group Co., Ltd., also known as "Tianjin Great Seamless", is located in Tianjin Binhai New Area and is the steel pipe base for China's energy industry. Construction started in 1989, the hot test was successful in 1992, and production was officially put into operation in 1996. The main products are various professional pipes such as oil casing, oil pipe and line pipe, high-pressure boiler pipe, high-pressure gas cylinder pipe, hydraulic support pipe and so on. At the beginning of its establishment, the company introduced the world's most advanced steelmaking, tube rolling, tube processing and direct reduced iron equipment technology from Germany, Italy, the United States and Britain, and was equipped with a complete automation system, becoming the most technologically advanced and the largest domestic Professional production plant for petroleum pipes. Since it was put into production, it has always maintained its leading edge in technical equipment through continuous technological transformation. Strengthen and expand the main business of steel pipes, increase industrial concentration, and create scale advantages. The steelmaking system has 3 ultra-high power electric arc furnaces, the tube rolling system has four models of MPM, PQF, ASSEL and REM, and six sets of rolling mills. The tube processing system has 26 production lines and the annual production capacity of seamless steel pipes can reach 3.5 million. Tons, becoming the world’s largest single-plant seamless steel pipe production plant. Adjust the industrial structure to form a high-end, high-quality, and high-tech industrial layout. A number of high-level projects such as copper materials, stainless steel plates, color-coated plates, high-pressure gas cylinders, etc. have been built, and equipment manufacturing, international trade and development have been developed. New industries such as logistics will be built into a comprehensive large-scale enterprise group that is alternately driven by multiple industries and developed in a coordinated manner. The comprehensive index of economic benefits has been in the forefront of the country's key steel companies for many years. Ranked 99th among the top 500 Chinese enterprises and 38th among the top 500 manufacturing companies. |
3 |
YOUFA STEEL PIPE
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Tianjin Youfa Steel Pipe Group Co., Ltd. was established by nine subsidiaries of the former Tianjin Youfa Steel Pipe Group Co., Ltd. after asset reorganization. It aims to standardize business operations, promote the main steel pipe business to enter the capital market, and finally realize the enterprise Take off quickly. Youfa was established on July 1, 2000. Its headquarters is located in Daqiuzhuang, Tianjin, the largest steel pipe production base in China. It is a collection of longitudinal welded pipes, hot-dip galvanized steel pipes, spiral welded pipes, rectangular pipes, steel-plastic composite pipes, etc. A large-scale steel pipe manufacturing enterprise integrating a variety of pipe products. At present, three production bases in Tianjin, Tangshan, and Handan have been formed, with 2 branches and 7 subsidiaries, a total of more than 6000 employees, two brands of "Youfa" and "Zhengjinyuan", and more than 60 straight stitches. Welded pipe production lines, more than 40 hot-dip galvanized steel pipe production lines, 9 spiral welded pipe production lines, 20 steel-plastic composite pipe production lines, and a national-level accredited laboratory and a Tianjin-certified enterprise technology center. Beginning in 2010, the production and sales of steel pipes have increased by more than one million tons per year for four consecutive years. In 2013, 8 million tons of steel pipes were produced. The "Youfa" brand trademark was recognized as "China's Well-known Trademark" by the Trademark Office of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce in March 2008. "Youfa" brand longitudinal welded pipes, hot-dip galvanized steel pipes, and spiral welded pipes have been awarded by the Tianjin Municipal Government for many years. "Tianjin Famous Brand Product" title. Tianjin Youfa Steel Pipe Group has been ranked among the top 500 Chinese enterprises and the top 500 Chinese manufacturing companies for 8 consecutive years. In 2013, Tianjin Youfa Steel Pipe Group ranked 459th among the top 500 Chinese enterprises and 243rd among the top 500 Chinese manufacturing companies. China 136 are among the top 500 private enterprises, and 90 are among the top 500 Chinese private enterprises in the manufacturing industry. |
4 |
JIULI
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Zhejiang Jiuli Special Material Technology Co., Ltd. (formerly Zhejiang Jiuli Stainless Steel Tube Co., Ltd.) was founded in 1987 and is located in the south bank of Taihu Lake in the center of the "Yangtze River Delta"-Zhenxi, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province. The company has established world-leading production lines for stainless steel, corrosion-resistant alloys, and high-temperature alloy seamless pipes (extrusion, perforation, cold rolling, cold drawing) and large, medium and small diameter welded pipe production lines, and has been committed to providing industrial piping systems Safe, reliable and high-performance, corrosion-resistant, pressure-resistant, high-temperature resistant stainless steel pipes and special materials solutions. The company has established a complete quality assurance system. Based on the ISO9001:2000 quality assurance system, the National Nuclear Safety Administration's nuclear quality assurance system has been implemented. The company has obtained the "Special Equipment Manufacturing License" issued by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China in 2004. Passed ISO14001:2004 and OHSAS 18001:1999 system certification. The company has also passed the European Union Pressure Equipment Directive certification PED97/23/EC and CCS China Classification Society, GL German Lloyd's Register, BV French Classification Society, DNV Det Norske Veritas, ABS American Bureau of Shipping and LR UK Lloyd's Register of Shipping's factory certification. The company is a national-level high-tech enterprise and a leading enterprise in Zhejiang Province. It has a provincial-level R&D center and a post-doctoral research station. The company has always adhered to the enterprise spirit of "working hard, winning by quality, and trust-based" and the business philosophy of "serving users with mature technology and reliable product quality, contributing to society, and developing ourselves", and is in the masses of customers and the society. Have a high reputation and reputation. The company has won the honor of "National May 1st Labor Certificate" and was awarded the titles of "Zhejiang Civilized Unit" and "National Contract-abiding and Credit-worthy Unit". The "Jiuli" brand stainless steel pipe was also awarded "Metallurgical Product" by the China Iron and Steel Industry Association. "Golden Cup Award for Physical Quality". Through more than 20 years of unremitting efforts and brand building, the "Jiuli" trade name has become a "famous trade name in Zhejiang Province", the "Jiuli" trademark is a "China Well-known Trademark", and the "Jiuli" and "jiuli" trademarks have been Registered in more than 50 countries around the world. |
5 |
HAILIANG
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Zhejiang Hailiang Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Hailiang Stock" or "Company") is a Sino-foreign joint venture company limited by shares controlled by Hailiang Group Co., Ltd. Since its establishment in 2001, the company has been committed to the research and development, production, sales and service of high-end copper products. It is the world’s largest copper alloy tube manufacturer and one of the internationally renowned copper processing companies, and China’s largest copper tube exporter and The second largest copper tube manufacturer is one of the top three precision copper rod manufacturers and one of the most important copper rod manufacturers. The company was listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange on January 16, 2008, with stock code 002203. As of December 31, 2012, Hailiang had total assets of RMB 6,435,575,700, net assets of RMB 2,693,651,600, asset-liability ratio of 58.15%, and more than 4,000 employees. In 2012, the company achieved operating income of RMB 10,349,952,700 and total profit of RMB 247,087,900. Yuan, the net profit attributable to shareholders of the listed company was 233,529,200 yuan. Hailiang’s products can be divided into two series: copper pipes and copper rods, covering nearly a hundred brands and thousands of specifications. They are widely used in air conditioning and refrigerator refrigeration, construction water pipes, seawater desalination, equipment manufacturing, automobile industry, and electronics. Information, transportation, hardware machinery, electric power and other industries. The company has carried out a strategic layout of production and sales for its own copper processing industry on a global scale, and has a complete production and marketing network. Hailiang has four production bases in Zhejiang, Shanghai, Anhui and Vietnam, and has accumulated a large number of high-quality and stable customers at home and abroad. The company has business dealings with customers in more than 100 countries and regions around the world. Many of the company's domestic customers are leading companies in the downstream industry, and there are more than 300 domestic and foreign customers. In recent years, the company's copper pipe products have continued to maintain the leading position in the export of precision copper pipe industry, and its international competitiveness has been increasing day by day. |
6 |
XINYUANTAI
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Xinyuantai Steel Pipe Group Co., Ltd. is located in the Economic Development Zone of Cangzhou City, 80 kilometers away from Huanghua Port, 180 kilometers away from Tianjin Port, close to Beijing-Shanghai Railway and 104 and 107 National Highways. The transportation is very convenient. The group has jurisdiction over "Xinyuantai Steel Pipe Group Co., Ltd.", "Julong Co., Ltd. (under construction)", "Hebei Litonglian Seamless Steel Pipe Co., Ltd.", "Cangzhou Xinyuantai Storage and Transportation Co., Ltd.", "Cangzhou Litong Five wholly-owned and holding subsidiaries including Tonglian Storage and Transportation Co., Ltd. The group company now has 410,000 square meters of land, one straight seam production line, four spiral steel pipe production lines, and one hot-rolled seamless steel pipe production line. It mainly produces three types of steel pipes: ERW longitudinally welded steel pipes, double-wire double-sided submerged arc welded spiral steel pipes, and hot-rolled seamless steel pipes. The annual production capacity is 500,000 tons, of which: 200,000 tons of Φ219-2220 wall thickness 6-20 spiral welded pipe; 100,000 tons of high-quality ERW straight seam welded pipe with Φ219-406 wall thickness 6-14; production of Φ140-273 wall thickness 200,000 tons of 5-35mm high-precision hot-rolled seamless steel pipes. The large-diameter and high-steel-grade welded steel pipe project jointly built by the company and Shougang is the fifth subsidiary of our company. The project covers a total area of 500 acres, of which the first-phase production workshop covers an area of 59404.5m. It is expected that the first production line will be commissioned by the end of 2010. The new project will build four high-standard spiral submerged arc welded steel pipe production lines of Φ820, Φ1020, Φ1420, and Φ1820. Our company is the largest steel pipe manufacturing enterprise with the most complete varieties and specifications in Cangzhou. It is also one of the few domestic professional steel pipe manufacturers that integrates longitudinally welded pipe, spiral welded pipe, and hot-rolled seamless steel pipe. Xinyuantai Steel Pipe Group has always adhered to the business management philosophy of "Quality-oriented, Honesty is the gold", and the company's "Seven Stars" trademark is a well-known trademark in China. The company has been rated as a contract-abiding and trustworthy unit by the Administration for Industry and Commerce for many years, and has been awarded AAA credit rating by Hebei Agricultural Bank and Construction Bank for many years. The group has successively passed ISO 9001:2000 quality management system certification, OHSAS 18001:2001 occupational health and safety management system certification, ISO 14001:2004 environmental and environmental management system certification, obtained national (pressure pipeline) special equipment manufacturing license, and obtained American Petroleum Learn the monogram license for API 5L and API 5CT products. In 2007, it became a qualified supplier of China Petroleum Equipment Purchasing Department (Energy No. 1 Network). |
7 |
CHANGBAO
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Jiangsu Changbao Steel Pipe Co., Ltd. is a professional manufacturer and service provider of various energy pipes. It is a key manufacturer of oil well pipes in China and one of the key manufacturers of small-diameter alloy high-pressure boiler pipes in China. "Net" member units and A-level (excellent) suppliers of the three leading companies in the boiler industry. The company's products are used in petroleum, electric power, nuclear power, natural gas and other energy industries, and are widely exported to Europe, America, the Middle East, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Southeast Asia and Africa and other countries and regions. The company was changed into a company limited by shares on February 2, 2008, and was listed on the Shenzhen SME Board on September 21, 2010. The stock code is 002478, and the total share capital after the issuance is 40.1 million shares. In the next three years, the company will use the power of the capital market to complete the layout of the four major energy pipe industries, namely pipes for oil extraction, high-pressure boiler pipes for large power stations, natural gas transmission pipes, and nuclear power pipes. The company is located in Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, a developed area in the Yangtze River Delta. The headquarter plant covers an area of 260,000 square meters. The company is equipped with my country’s first set of φ102 hot-rolled steel pipe line with CPE technology, with an annual output of 180,000 tons; Changzhou Changbao Jingte Steel Pipe Co., Ltd., a controlling shareholder, has a precision cold-drawn and cold-rolled pipe production line with an annual production capacity of 10 10,000 tons; Jiangsu Changbao Pleasant Steel Pipe Co., Ltd., the holding company, is equipped with a φ177 hot-rolled steel pipe line with an annual production capacity of 150,000 tons. The production of oil well pipes, boiler pipes, precision machinery pipes, geological pipes, marine pipes, petrochemical pipes, structural pipes, line pipes and other varieties form a series. The production capacity of main product oil well pipes reaches 350,000 tons, and the production capacity of high-pressure boiler pipes reaches 100,000 tons. The company has advanced technical equipment, complete process technology and complete testing methods. Passed ISO9001, 14001, 18001 management system certification, U.S. API monogram certification, TUV certification of EU PED and AD W2000 certification, Russian GOST certification, and has the membership certificate of PetroChina "Energy One Network" and the access certificate of some large oilfield suppliers in China , As well as the certification of Class A supplier certification of boiler plants of my country's three major power groups, and certification of qualified supplier certification of Shanghai Electric Nuclear Power Equipment Company. |
8 |
YULONG
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Jiangsu Yulong Steel Pipe Co., Ltd. is one of the most outstanding new stars in this magical land. Jiangsu Yulong Steel Pipe Co., Ltd. was formerly known as Wuxi County High Frequency Welded Pipe Factory. After 30 years of market baptism, it got rid of the shackles of the planned economy and became the largest spiral seam submerged arc welded steel pipe production base in East China. The company covers an area of 32 10,000 square meters, total assets of 700 million yuan, more than 1,000 employees, and annual sales revenue of more than 3 billion yuan. It is one of the top 500 private enterprises in the country and the strongest professional production of oil, natural gas, water transportation and large-scale steel structures in China. One of the comprehensive manufacturers of steel pipes, Yulong Co., Ltd. owns 10 sets of Φ219-Φ2540 SAWH spiral seam submerged arc welded steel pipe units, with an annual production capacity of 400,000 tons; one set of Φ1422 Φ813 SAWL longitudinal submerged arc welded steel pipe units each year. Production capacity of 250,000 tons; two sets of Φ168 Φ508 HFW straight seam high frequency electric resistance welded steel pipes, with an annual production capacity of 200,000 tons; one set of 400×400 250×250 300×300 square rectangular pipe units, with an annual production capacity of 200,000 Tons; Φ920 Φ2020 3PP/3PE/FBE two sets of internal and external anti-corrosion production lines, with an annual production capacity of 2.5 million square meters. Facing the new market structure in 2009, Yulong Co., Ltd. invested 646 million yuan with foresight to build Yili Yulong Steel Pipe Co., Ltd., which covers an area of 130,000 square meters and can produce 250,000 tons of steel pipes for long-distance transportation such as oil and gas annually. Sales revenue is 1.5 billion yuan, and after-tax profit is 150 million yuan. Yili Yulong now has 2 sets of Φ1420-Φ1829 SAWH spiral seam submerged arc welding steel pipe units, and 1 set of 3PP/3PE/FBE internal and external anticorrosion production lines. While meeting the western market, it has also accelerated its entry into Russia, Kazakhstan and other international markets. pace. In 2012, Yulong Co., Ltd. established Sichuan Yulong Steel Pipe Co., Ltd. in Deyang, Sichuan. The company is located in the Deyang Economic and Technological Development Zone in the southeast of Deyang City, on the Chengde Mian High-tech Industrial Zone. The location is superior. The total project investment is 550 million yuan and the registered capital is 50 million yuan, covering an area of 130,000 square meters, the company has one set of Φ1016 SAWL LSAW steel pipe production line, two sets of Φ529 SAWH spiral seam submerged arc welded steel pipe production line, and Φ1820 SAWH spiral seam submerged arc welded steel pipe production line. 1 set of welded steel pipe unit, with an annual production capacity of 220,000 tons, and sales are expected to be 1.2 billion yuan after reaching production capacity. |
9 |
LIDA
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The predecessor of Tianjin Lida Steel Pipe Group Co., Ltd. was Tianjin Lida Steel Pipe Factory. It was built in 1993 and was restructured into Tianjin Lida Steel Pipe Co., Ltd. in July 2006. It was reorganized in July 2010 to establish Tianjin Lida Steel Pipe Co., Ltd. Da Steel Pipe Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin Lida Steel Pipe Group Co., Ltd. is located in Wangcun Industrial Park, Dasi Town, Xiqing District, Tianjin City. It consists of Tianjin Jinghai County Zhenxing Galvanized Pipe Co., Ltd., Tianjin Huaao Steel Pipe Co., Ltd., Tianjin Lishitongda Trading Co., Ltd., Vietnam (Lida) Steel Pipe Co., Ltd. Tianjin Lida Steel Pipe Group Co., Ltd. has more than 2,000 employees and 300 million yuan in fixed assets. It has 11 high-frequency welded pipe production lines (ф21.3mm-ф340mm), 8 slitting lines, 10 hot-dip galvanized steel pipe production lines (ф21.30-ф219.10), and 6 steel-plastic composite pipe production lines (ф21.30 -Ф219.10) It has formed an annual output of nearly 1 million tons of high-frequency welded steel pipes, nearly 400,000 tons of hot-dip galvanized steel pipes, and 30,000 tons of steel-plastic composite steel pipes. The company has passed the ISO9000 international quality system certification in 2000. Obtained the API 5L and API 5CT monogram use license in 2004. In 2010, the "Lida" trademark was recognized as "China Well-known Trademark" by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce. The products are mainly used in oil and natural gas pipelines, involving industrial and civil water supply, gas supply, heating, oil supply and construction hardware, etc.; marketed in more than 20 provinces and cities, and exported to Europe, North America, Africa, Southeast Asia, etc. Countries and regions, the sales network formed a healthy and stable marketing network centered on Beijing and Tianjin, based in North China, facing the whole country, and radiating the world. It is deeply trusted by customers at home and abroad for its excellent quality, reliable reputation, and professional and enthusiastic service. Lida has been in business for nearly two decades since its inception. After years of concentrated development and strategic management, Lida has developed into an enterprise group with Tianjin Lida Steel Pipe Group Co., Ltd. as its parent company and multiple subsidiaries. It has formed an annual sales income of nearly 5 billion yuan, and more than 2,000 employees. The products are mainly used in oil and natural gas pipelines, involving industrial and civil water supply, gas supply, heating, oil supply and construction hardware; marketing in more than 20 domestic provinces It has been exported to Europe, North America, Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia and other countries and regions. The marketing network is centered on Beijing and Tianjin, based in North China, facing the whole country, and radiating the world. As early as 2000, the entire series of products have passed the ISO9001: 2000 international quality system certification, and obtained the API 5L and API 5CT monogram license in 2004. In 2010, the group invested in Vietnam to establish a wholly-owned holding company "Vietnam Li "Da Da Co., Ltd.", the group has achieved a faster development, which is more conducive to the company's products to occupy overseas markets. |
10 |
HUAQI
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Jinghua Innovation Group Co., Ltd. was approved by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce in January 2003 and was formally incorporated in February 2003 with a registered capital of 580 million yuan and more than 5,000 employees. The wholly-owned and holding companies under its jurisdiction are: Hengshui Jinghua Pipe Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Tangshan Jinghua Pipe Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Jinghua Pipe Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Chengdu Pengzhou Jinghua Pipe Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Laiwu Jinghua Pipe Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Jilin Jinghua Pipe Manufacturing Co., Ltd. The company, Zhengzhou Jinghua Pipe Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Hengshui Jinghua Real Estate Development Co., Ltd., Hengshui Jinghua Chemical Co., Ltd., Beijing Qinghewan Country Sports Club Co., Ltd. ten entity enterprises, is one of the ten largest private enterprises in Hebei Province. The group company's main business is steel pipe manufacturing, with a production capacity of 5 million tons, which ranks among the forefront of its peers in terms of scale and variety. The company’s main product "Huaqi" brand series of steel pipes involves more than ten longitudinal welded pipes, hot-dip galvanized steel pipes, spiral submerged arc welded steel pipes, petroleum pipeline steel pipes, petroleum casing pipes, oil pipes, FBE petroleum anticorrosive steel pipes, and 3PE petroleum anticorrosive steel pipes. Kinds of categories. The products are exported to more than ten countries and regions such as Asia, Europe, and Africa. The products can be produced to X80 steel pipes in accordance with the national standard, American standard, British standard, Japanese standard, German standard, oil and gas, chemical industry, fire protection and other industry standards; covering GB /T 9711-2011 PSL1, GB/T 9711-2011 PSL2, API 5L, 5CT, ASTM A53, EN10217, EN10219, SY/T 5037 and most of the varieties and specifications of pipeline steel standards, suitable for oil, natural gas, shipbuilding, Chemical, environmental protection, water conservancy, electricity, steel structure, construction and other fields. The group has always adhered to the business tenet of "survive by quality and development by reputation", and has been recognized and praised by customers. The "Huaqi" brand steel pipe produced by the group company has successively passed the GB/T19001-2000 quality management system certification, GB/T24001-2004 environmental management system certification, GB/T28001-2001 occupational health and safety management system certification and API product quality certification. And successively won the "Hebei Famous Brand", "Socially Recognized Satisfactory Product", "China Recognized Famous Brand Product" and other honors. |
Surface oil casing: protect the well from being contaminated by shallow water and gas layers, support wellhead equipment and maintain the weight of other layers of the casing.
Technical oil casing: Separate the pressures at different levels so that the drilling fluid can circulate normally and protect the production casing. Install anti-burst devices, leak-proof devices and liners in the well.
Reservoir oil casing: to export oil and natural gas from the reservoir below the surface. It is used to protect wells and stratify drilling mud. When the oil casing is produced, the outer diameter is usually 114.3 mm to 508 mm.
According to SY/T6194-96 "Petroleum Casing", the types and packaging of petroleum casing can be divided into short-threaded casing and its coupling and long-threaded casing and its coupling.
Anti-corrosion countermeasures of oil casing
1. First, make sure that the water quality meets the standards, and strictly monitor and manage the water quality. Implement cleaning and separate injection, strengthen the cleaning of main water pipelines, ensure that the water quality in the station and the bottom of the well meets the standard, and reduce the introduction of corrosion sources into the annular space;
2. For water injection wells that have been newly put into production, adopt annulus protection liquid mainly for sterilization, and form a system to add regularly;
3. In view of the accelerated effect of mechanical scratches on the corrosion of oil casing, it is recommended to add a rubber ring to the tubing coupling or add a centralizer to the severely deviated part to prevent the tubing from scratching the casing during operation and water injection. One side touches the casing;
4. In view of the serious corrosion of bacteria under the scale and the slow growth and killing of SRB at high temperature, high temperature water or steam of 100 degrees Celsius can be injected into the annulus regularly to kill the SRB under scale;
5. It is not recommended to promote the use of cathodic protection and coated casing before the corrosion in the casing of the water injection well is effectively controlled.